A few things. In theory, the better and more expensive SSL providers are supposed to validate who you are in some way and vouch for your identity. This takes time and manual effort and thus costs more.
Traditionally manual validation (as used by VeriSign, Thawte, Entrust) has been cumbersome, long winded and expensive for the SSL Provider and therefore the purchaser. Automated validation (as used by GeoTrust and GoDaddy) is faster and more cost-effective, yet does not provide the level of assurance expected by consumers relying on SSL - For example GeoTrust's QuickSSL Certificates only validate the applicant's right to use a domain name and not the legitimacy of the company itself.
There's also some crazy new type of SSL cert which does "extended validation" and is much MUCH more expensive.
https://www.verisign.com/ssl/ssl-information-center/ev-ssl-certificate/index.html
An EV SSL Certificate gives customers more confidence that they are interacting with a trusted Web site and that their information is secure. An EV SSL Certificate triggers high-security Web browsers to display your organization’s name in a green address bar and show the name of the Certificate Authority that issued it.
The cheaper SSL providers do little to no validation of identity which may or may not matter to you (or your users).
Honestly, when we use SSL it's for the encryption, not for a web of trust.
(One valid reason to pay for a more expensive SSL cert is when it's a wildcard cert so it works on all *.example.com
domain websites you may ever have. The regular SSL certs are only good for one specific address.)