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User-agent: *
Disallow: /robots.txt

What happens if you do this? Will search engines crawl robots.txt once and then never crawl it again?

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    It might cause an infinite loop and melt the internet :o) – Steve Aug 10 '18 at 3:54
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    What's the purpose of asking this - was it done by mistake, or did you intend something else? Obviously the search engine would need to crawl your robots.txt file first, so it would likely just ignore this directive. You could of course test it with Google's robots.txt Tester, which will highlight syntax warnings and logic errors (the latter of which this would likely fall under). – dan♦ Aug 10 '18 at 3:54
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Robots.txt directives don't apply to robots.txt itself. Crawlers may fetch robots.txt even if it disallows itself.

It is actually very common for robots.txt to disallow itself. Many websites disallow everything:

User-Agent: *
Disallow: /

That drective to disallow everything would include robots.txt. I myself have some websites like this. Despite disallowing everything including robots.txt, search engine bots refresh the robots.txt file periodically.

Google's John Mueller recently confirmed that Googlebot still crawls a disallowed robots.txt: Disallowing Robots.txt In Robots.txt Doesn't Impact How Google Processes It. So even if you specifically called out Disallow: /robots.txt, Google (and I suspect other search engines) wouldn't change their behavior.

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    The only thing this would affect is if a link were pointing to the robots.txt and Google would otherwise index the content of the robots.txt file. That wouldn't be possible when it's disallowed by robots.txt. It's extremely rare that there's any useful content (for search / indexing) in a robots.txt file (I think I've seen maybe 2 cases over the years, and they're both gone now), so unlikely that you'd ever miss out on anything. – John Mueller Aug 19 '18 at 20:50
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    @JohnMueller We just had a case of robots.txt itself being indexed in Google CSE. At least I know how to answer that question now. webmasters.stackexchange.com/questions/117536/… – Stephen Ostermiller♦ Sep 6 '18 at 2:08

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