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Schema.org has Article, Blog and BlogPosting.
Structured Data Markup Helper only uses Article.
If I understand Blog and BlogPosting are types of Article. So I suppose it is just a way to be more precise.
I have a blog with a home page with all the titles and a brief summary and then a page with each post. Should I use Blog for the blog home page and BlogPosting for each post or I should use only Article?
BlogPosting is a more specific type of Article, but Blog isn’t.
Blog is for the blog itself. It can make sense to use it only for the homepage of the blog, but it’s also possible to use it for every page of the blog. Wherever you use Blog, if the page contains blog posts (or blog post teasers), you can use the blogPost property to link the BlogPosting items.
When you have a blog post, use BlogPosting, not Article. It’s a best practice to always use the most specific type for your case. Google mentions this in their technical guidelines, too:
Use the most specific applicable type and property names defined by schema.org for your markup.
Thanks to the type inheritance, conforming consumers will understand that a BlogPosting is also a SocialMediaPosting and an Article and a CreativeWork and a Thing:
Thing>CreativeWork>Article>SocialMediaPosting>BlogPosting
Article? I guess you are talking about their Article rich result, right? They document: "Non-video objects must be based on one of the following schema.org types: Article, NewsArticle, BlogPosting."