Yes, sure you can do it. The domain name you purchase is/has to be registered on domain name servers which are basically key-value pairs linking your domain name to your server's IP address.
What options do we have..
You can access your site simply using your IP address. Make sure it's a public one.
If you own even a single domain for example, mydomain.com, you can create a subdomain for mydomain.com and that's free. In DNS entries you have to register subdomain.yourdomain.com points to your public IP and you are done.
As @Zekar said, you can go for the "free subdomains" and "free domains". Example, http://www.dot.tk, https://in.000webhost.com